KAJIAN EPIDEMIOLOGI
PENYAKIT INFEKSI SALURAN PENCERNAAN
YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH AMUBA DI INDONESIA
Anorital, * Lelly Andayasari**
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTENSIAL INFECTION CAUSED BY AMOEBA IN INDONESIA
Abstract
The intestinal infection caused by amoeba is one of the three diarrhea causes appears to be a public
health problem with high incidenee in the community. Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica,
can be difJerentiatedfrom non pathogen Entamoeba hartmanni and Entamoeba coli. Morphologically of
Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are very similar. However, based on the diagnosis
utilizing molecular examination technique, in fact, the main cause of amebiasis is Entamoeba dispar.
Amoeba dysentry can be found arround the world, having cosmopolite characteristic with incidences
varying between 3-1O%. In the developed countries with relatively better hygiene and sanitation,
amoebiasis incidenee is between 2-11%. In Indonesia, the amoebiasis incidenee is 'quite high, in the
range of 10-18%. Whereas the mortality caused by amoebiasis is high enough between 1.909.1%,
second rank after malaria. Several kinds of amoeba dysentri medicines were used, but Metronidazole is
proven as the efJective drug of choice for Entamoeba histolytica, both the cyste and trophozoite forms
with minor side efJect to the patients. Good personal hygiene and environmental sanitation practices
are the major factors of this disease prevention. The main principle to prevent the spreading of
amoebiasis infection is to cut the link of infection sources to human beings. Personal hygiene isfocused
on the management of individual behaviour, meanwhile environmental sanitation prevention focus lies
on the better environmental management to cut the link of disease cycle.
Keywords: amoeba, amebiasis, epidemiologi.
Pendahuluan
Penyakit infeksi saluran pencernaan dapat
disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri dan
protozoa. Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh
bakteri dikenal sebagai disentri basiler yang
disebabkan oleh bakteri shigella, sedangkan
infeksi yang disebab-kan oleh protozoa dikenal
sebagai disentri amuba. Adapun yang dimaksud
dengan penyakit infeksi saluran pencernaan yang
dapat menyebabkan diare adalah buang air besar
dengan tinja yang berbentuk cair atau lunak
dengan frekuensi lebih dari 3 kali dalam 24 jam.':
2. Penyebab diare yang terpenting dan ters ering
adalah Shigella, khusus-nya S. flexneri dan S.
dysenteriae. Entamoeba histolytica (E.
histolytica) merupakan penyebab disentri pada
anak yang usianya di atas lima tahun dan jarang
ditemukan pada balita. 1, 3 Disentri amuba adalah
penyakit infeksi saluran pencernaan akibat
tertelannya kista E. histolytica yang me-rupakan
mikroorganisme an-aerob bersel tunggal dan
bersifat pathogen.'

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